📌 Case definition (WHO)
Cerebral malaria (unrousable coma, GCS <11, P. falciparum), severe anemia (Hb <5 g/dL), respiratory distress (acidosis), hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL), renal failure, shock, hyperparasitemia (>5%).
🧠 Cerebral malaria
Seizures, posturing, raised ICP, neurological sequelae (5-30% in children). Coma may develop in 1-2 days. Treat with IV artesunate.
💊 First-line antimalarial
IV artesunate: 2.4 mg/kg at 0, 12h, 24h, then daily until oral tolerated (total 6 days). Superior to quinine (lower mortality).
🩸 Supportive care
Treat hypoglycemia (dextrose), seizures (benzodiazepines), severe anemia (transfusion if Hb <4-5 g/dL), acidosis (fluids, bicarbonate controversial).
⚠️ Complications in children
Hypoglycemia, acidosis, seizures, severe anemia (more common than adults). Respiratory distress = poor prognostic sign. Co-infection with sepsis (algid malaria).
🔄 Exchange transfusion?
Role not well established; consider if hyperparasitemia >10-20% with organ failure; evidence limited.
💡 Prevention
Insecticide-treated nets, chemoprophylaxis for travelers. G6PD testing before primaquine.