👧 A 9-year-old with polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, glucose 22 mmol/L, pH 7.25, bicarbonate 14 mmol/L, ketones present. Diagnosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Type 1 diabetes. IV fluids, insulin infusion, monitor for cerebral edema.
🍔 A 14-year-old obese girl (BMI 32) with acanthosis nigricans, HbA1c 8.5%, no ketones, GAD antibodies negative. Diagnosis?
Type 2 diabetes. Metformin, lifestyle modification, screen for comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia).
👪 A 12-year-old lean boy with fasting glucose 7.5 mmol/L, HbA1c 6.8%, no autoantibodies, mother and grandmother also diabetic diagnosed <25y. Most likely?
MODY (likely GCK mutation). Genetic testing; usually no treatment required.
🍬 A 3-month-old with severe hypoglycemia (glucose 1.2 mmol/L), requiring 14 mg/kg/min glucose. Insulin elevated. Diazoxide trial ineffective. Next step?
Congenital hyperinsulinism (diffuse vs focal). FDOPA-PET scan; if focal lesion, pancreatectomy.
🩺 A 5-year-old with T1DM and poor growth, fatigue, HbA1c 7.2%, TSH 12 mIU/L, fT4 low. Diagnosis?
Autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto) – association with T1DM. Start levothyroxine.
🌾 A 7-year-old with T1DM, recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss. Anti-TTG antibodies positive. Diagnosis?
Celiac disease (association with T1DM). Gluten-free diet.
🩸 A 2-year-old with fasting hypoglycemia, ketosis, hepatomegaly, elevated lactate, normal insulin. Glucagon test shows no glucose rise. Diagnosis?
Glycogen storage disease type I (G6Pase deficiency). Cornstarch therapy.
⚕️ A 4-year-old with hypoglycemia, vomiting, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia. Cortisol low, ACTH high. Diagnosis?
Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease). Hydrocortisone + fludrocortisone.
🧪 What are the three most common autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes?
GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase), IA-2 (islet antigen-2), ZnT8 (zinc transporter 8). ICA (islet cell) also used.
💊 Which oral agent is first-line for type 2 diabetes in children?
Metformin. Start 500 mg daily, titrate to 2000 mg/day. Contraindicated in renal impairment.