🩺 Clinical Approach to Altered Mental Status in Children
🔹 Step 1: Stabilization (ABCs) and emergency interventions
• Secure airway, breathing, circulation. Obtain IV/IO access.
• STAT bedside glucose: if <60 mg/dL give D10W 2-4 mL/kg.
• Naloxone 0.1 mg/kg if opioid poisoning suspected.
• Treat ongoing seizures with benzodiazepines.
🔹 Step 2: Assess for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
• Cushing triad (hypertension + bradycardia + irregular respirations).
• Papilledema, unilateral dilated pupil (uncal herniation), CN VI palsy.
• Decorticate (hemispheric) or decerebrate (brainstem) posturing.
• If ↑ICP suspected: elevate HOB 30°, hyperventilate to PCO2 30-35, mannitol, neurosurgery consult.
🔹 Step 3: History and physical to narrow differential
• Fever + nuchal rigidity → meningitis (LP after CT if focal signs).
• Head trauma → CT to rule out bleed/contusion.
• Known diabetes → DKA or hypoglycemia.
• Toxidromes (pinpoint pupils → opioid; dilated + dry → anticholinergic; sweating + salivation → organophosphate).
• Inborn error of metabolism: recurrent episodes, acidosis, hyperammonemia.
🔹 Step 4: Neuroimaging and lumbar puncture
• Noncontrast CT head: rapid for hemorrhage, mass, hydrocephalus.
• MRI: better for stroke, encephalitis, demyelination.
• LP contraindications: signs of ↑ICP, focal deficits, coagulopathy. If needed, CT first.
• CSF: WBC, glucose, protein, culture, PCR (HSV, enterovirus).
🔹 Step 5: Laboratory evaluation for metabolic/toxic causes
• Electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, phosphate.
• ABG/VBG, lactate, ammonia, liver enzymes.
• Urine toxicology, serum drug levels (acetaminophen, salicylate, anticonvulsants).
• Thyroid function, cortisol if adrenal insufficiency suspected.