🩺 Clinical Approach to Newborn with Ambiguous Genitalia
🔹 Step 1: Immediate assessment (first hours)
• Rule out adrenal crisis: check electrolytes (Na, K, glucose), 17-OHP, renin, cortisol.
• Signs: vomiting, lethargy, poor feeding, hypotension, hyperpigmentation.
• If salt-wasting suspected: IV fluids, hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone.
• Do NOT assign gender until evaluation complete.
🔹 Step 2: History and physical exam
• Family history: CAH, DSD, infertility, neonatal deaths, consanguinity.
• Exam: phallus size, position of urethral meatus, labioscrotal fusion, palpable gonads.
• Palpable gonad in labioscrotal fold → likely testis → consider 46,XY DSD.
• Hyperpigmentation (scrotum, areolae) suggests ACTH elevation (CAH).
• Associated anomalies: renal (WT1), skeletal (campomelic), cardiac (Turner).
🔹 Step 3: Rapid diagnostic tests
• Karyotype (FISH, 24-48h) or qPCR for SRY.
• Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) → elevated in 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
• Electrolytes, glucose, renin, cortisol.
• Pelvic/abdominal ultrasound to detect Müllerian structures (uterus) and gonads.
🔹 Step 4: Further endocrine/genetic testing
• ACTH stimulation test for adrenal steroidogenesis defects.
• hCG stimulation test (after 6 months) to assess testosterone biosynthesis in 46,XY DSD.
• AMH and inhibin B: markers of testicular tissue presence/function.
• Targeted gene sequencing (CYP21A2, AR, SRD5A2, SRY, WT1, SF1, etc.).
• Urine steroid profiling by GC-MS.
🔹 Step 5: Gender assignment and long-term management
• Decision after complete diagnostic information, family counseling, multidisciplinary input.
• CAH females: usually reared female (fertility possible). Early genitoplasty controversial.
• 5α-reductase deficiency: many raised male (virilize at puberty).
• Complete androgen insensitivity: raised female (testes removed after puberty due to malignancy risk).
• Gonadal malignancy risk: any DSD with Y chromosome material (dysgenic gonads) → gonadectomy indicated.