Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 22nd Edition | Gram-negative diplococcus, β-lactamase producer (amoxicillin resistant), normal respiratory flora, causes otitis media, sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections in COPD. Treatment: amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalosporins, macrolides, TMP-SMX.
🌐 paeds.online — Pakistan's Pediatric Platform| Antibiotic Class | Activity | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin) | Resistant (>90% produce β-lactamase) | Do not use alone. Use amoxicillin-clavulanate. |
| Cephalosporins (oral, parenteral) | Susceptible (first, second, third generation) | Cefdinir, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone effective. |
| Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin) | Susceptible (but increasing resistance reported) | Azithromycin often used for otitis media/pneumonia. |
| Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) | Susceptible (but reserve for appropriate indications) | Effective, but not first-line in children. |
| TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) | ||