Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 22nd Edition | Acute viral upper respiratory infection. Etiology: rhinovirus (>50%), RSV, coronavirus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, bocavirus. Epidemiology: 6-8 colds/year in young children. Pathogenesis: inflammation, cytokine release, mucus production. Clinical: rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sore throat, cough (may last 2 weeks). Management: supportive care (hydration, saline, honey >1 year), AVOID cough/cold meds <4 years. Complications: otitis media (5-30%), sinusitis (0.5-9%), asthma exacerbation, pneumonia (rare). Prevention: hand hygiene, avoid touching face, influenza vaccine.
🌐 paeds.online — Pakistan's Pediatric Platform| Intervention | Recommendation | Evidence / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| OTC cough/cold meds (<4y) | NOT recommended (no benefit, risk of overdose/side effects) | AAP, FDA guidance; no efficacy in children |
| Honey (≥1 year) | 2.5-5 mL at bedtime for nocturnal cough | Modest benefit; do NOT give to infants <1 year (botulism risk) |
| Saline nasal irrigation | Safe, may relieve congestion | Limited data; no harm |
| Zinc lozenges | Not recommended | Inconsistent evidence, side effects (nausea, bad taste) |
| Vitamin C | Not recommended for prevention | Minimal effect on duration; no benefit in general population |
| Echinacea | Not recommended | No consistent evidence of benefit |
| Antibiotics | Not indicated for uncomplicated cold | No benefit, promotes resistance, side effects |
| Hand hygiene | Handwashing or alcohol-based sanitizer | Reduces transmission |