Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 22nd Edition | Dystonia: sustained muscle contractions → twisting movements and abnormal postures. Primary dystonia (DYT1, DYT5, DYT6, DYT11), secondary dystonia (drug-induced, cerebral palsy, Wilson disease, PKAN, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation). Dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT5, GCH1) is treatable with levodopa. Treatment: levodopa trial, trihexyphenidyl, botulinum toxin (focal), deep brain stimulation (generalized).
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